Runes, the ancient symbols that formed the basis of early Germanic writing, have captivated historians, linguists, and cultural enthusiasts for centuries. Their use dates back to at least the 2nd century AD, emerging in the regions of present-day Scandinavia, Germany, and parts of the Netherlands. Runes are not just a script, but a reflection of the mystical and spiritual beliefs held by ancient cultures.The origin of runes is somewhat shrouded in mystery, though scholars agree that they were influenced by the Etruscan alphabet, which itself derived from the Greek script. The first known runic inscriptions appear on stones, weapons, and artifacts, each etched with symbols that held both practical and magical significance. The earliest form of the runic alphabet is known as the Elder Futhark, a system consisting of 24 characters that represented distinct sounds.

The name "Futhark" is derived from the first six letters of the alphabet: F, U, Th, A, R, and K. This alphabet spread across northern Europe and evolved over time. By the 8th century, the script began to split into regional variants, most notably the Younger Futhark, which was used by the Scandinavian Vikings during the Viking Age. This version of the script had only 16 characters, reflecting the changes in the spoken language of the time. Despite the simplification, runes continued to hold immense cultural value.



Runes were not just a tool for communication—they were deeply intertwined with spirituality and magic. In Norse mythology, it is believed that the god Odin sacrificed himself to discover the secrets of the runes, hanging from the World Tree, Yggdrasil, for nine nights. This myth reflects the perceived sacred nature of runes. Many people of the time believed that the symbols held magical properties that could influence fate, protect warriors, and heal the sick. Runes were used in divination practices, with runes carved into amulets or drawn on stones to seek guidance from the gods.

Throughout the Viking Age, runes appeared on numerous artifacts, from stone monuments and jewelry to weapons and shields. These inscriptions were often used to mark ownership, commemorate battles, or honor the dead. They provided a glimpse into the everyday life of the Norse people and their beliefs. The use of runes was also linked to the concept of “rune magic” — a practice that blended written symbols with ritualistic intent, often believed to have the power to influence the world around them.